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    Marijuana Addiction: Risks, Signs, and Treatment Options

    Marijuana addiction, formally known as cannabis use disorder (CUD), is a problematic pattern of marijuana use that leads to significant impairment or distress in an individual's life.
    Stacia WoodcockBy Updated:7 Mins Read

    As marijuana legalization gains momentum across the United States, it’s crucial to understand the potential risks associated with its use, including the possibility of addiction. While some individuals can use marijuana without developing a dependence, others may find themselves struggling with cannabis use disorder (CUD), a condition characterized by the continued use of marijuana despite negative consequences on one’s health and life.

    This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of marijuana addiction, exploring its prevalence, risk factors, symptoms, and available treatment options. By delving into the latest research and expert opinions, readers will gain valuable insights into this complex issue and learn how to seek help for themselves or loved ones who may be struggling with CUD.

    What is Marijuana Addiction?

    Marijuana addiction, formally known as cannabis use disorder (CUD), is a problematic pattern of marijuana use that leads to significant impairment or distress in an individual’s life.

    While not everyone who uses marijuana will develop an addiction, research suggests that up to 30% of users may experience symptoms of CUD.

    The Prevalence of Marijuana Addiction

    Recent estimates suggest that approximately 6.3 percent of adults have experienced marijuana use disorder, with this percentage on the rise1. In fact, up to 30 percent of marijuana users may develop CUD2, indicating that addiction is a significant concern for a substantial portion of those who use the drug.

    It’s important to note that while marijuana addiction is less common compared to substances like alcohol or cocaine, it is still a serious issue that can have a profound impact on an individual’s life.

    Risk Factors for Developing Cannabis Use Disorder

    Several factors can increase the likelihood of developing marijuana addiction, including:

    1. Age of first use: Individuals who begin using marijuana before the age of 18 are up to seven times more likely to develop CUD3.
    2. Gender: Men are twice as likely as women to experience marijuana use disorder3.
    3. Family history: Having a family history of substance use disorders can increase the risk of developing CUD[3].
    4. Peer influence: Friends and peers who use marijuana can contribute to an individual’s risk of addiction[3].
    5. Adverse childhood experiences: Traumatic events, such as sexual abuse, can increase the likelihood of developing substance use disorders, including CUD[3].
    6. Cigarette use: Individuals who smoke cigarettes are more likely to develop marijuana addiction[3].

    Symptoms of Cannabis Use Disorder

    Cannabis use disorder can manifest in various ways, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Some common signs of marijuana addiction include4:

    • Using marijuana in larger amounts or for longer periods than intended
    • Persistent desire or unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control marijuana use
    • Spending a significant amount of time obtaining, using, or recovering from marijuana use
    • Craving or strong desire to use marijuana
    • Recurrent marijuana use resulting in failure to fulfill major obligations at work, school, or home
    • Continued marijuana use despite persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by its effects
    • Giving up or reducing important social, occupational, or recreational activities due to marijuana use
    • Recurrent marijuana use in situations where it is physically hazardous
    • Continued use despite knowledge of persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problems likely caused or exacerbated by marijuana
    • Tolerance, as defined by either a need for markedly increased amounts of marijuana to achieve the desired effect or a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount
    • Withdrawal, as manifested by either the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for marijuana or the use of marijuana (or a closely related substance) to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms

    If you or someone you know experiences two or more of these symptoms within a 12-month period, it may be indicative of cannabis use disorder, and seeking help from a healthcare professional is strongly recommended.

    The Impact of Marijuana on the Brain

    Marijuana use can have a significant impact on brain structure and function, particularly among younger individuals whose brains are still developing. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component in marijuana, can alter brain chemistry, affecting areas responsible for learning, memory, cognitive ability, and behavior5.

    Studies have linked regular marijuana use to lower IQ scores, impaired memory and cognitive function, and decreased academic and occupational performance[5]. These effects are more pronounced in heavy, long-term users and those who begin using marijuana at a young age.

    Marijuana and Sleep

    While some individuals use marijuana to help with sleep, chronic use can lead to significant sleep disturbances. Heavy users may experience nightmares, insomnia, or poor sleep quality when attempting to quit6. If you’re experiencing sleep issues related to marijuana use, consult a healthcare professional to discuss appropriate treatment options.

    The Risks of Medicinal Marijuana Use

    It’s important to recognize that the potential negative effects of marijuana are not limited to recreational use. Medicinal marijuana, while offering potential benefits for various health conditions, also carries risks. Like any medical treatment, medicinal marijuana can have side effects, and it’s essential to weigh the potential benefits against the possible risks when considering its use.

    Moreover, research suggests that over 80 percent of medicinal marijuana users also use the drug recreationally7, which can lead to increased consumption and a higher risk of developing cannabis use disorder.

    Treating Cannabis Use Disorder

    If you or someone you care about is struggling with marijuana addiction, it’s crucial to know that help is available. Healthcare professionals, including primary care physicians and mental health specialists, can diagnose cannabis use disorder and recommend appropriate treatment options.

    Treatment for CUD may include8:

    1. Psychotherapy: Motivational interviewing, contingency management, and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are evidence-based approaches that can help individuals modify their thoughts and behaviors related to marijuana use.
    2. Medications: While there are currently no FDA-approved medications specifically for treating CUD, healthcare professionals may prescribe medications to help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.
    3. Support groups: Joining a support group, such as Marijuana Anonymous, can provide a sense of community and encouragement throughout the recovery process.

    Frequently Asked Questions

    Can you become addicted to marijuana?

    Yes, it is possible to develop an addiction to marijuana. While not everyone who uses marijuana will become addicted, research suggests that up to 30 percent of users may develop cannabis use disorder[2].

    What are the signs of marijuana addiction?

    Signs of marijuana addiction include using the drug in larger amounts or for longer than intended, craving marijuana, experiencing withdrawal symptoms when not using, and continuing to use despite negative consequences on one’s health, relationships, or responsibilities[4].

    How does marijuana affect the brain?

    Marijuana use can alter brain chemistry, particularly in areas responsible for learning, memory, cognitive ability, and behavior. Regular use has been linked to lower IQ scores, impaired memory and cognitive function, and decreased academic and occupational performance[5].

    Can medicinal marijuana use lead to addiction?

    Yes, even when used for medicinal purposes, marijuana carries the risk of addiction. Over 80 percent of medicinal marijuana users also use the drug recreationally[7], which can increase the likelihood of developing cannabis use disorder.

    Where can I seek help for marijuana addiction?

    If you or someone you know is struggling with marijuana addiction, reach out to a healthcare professional, such as a primary care physician or mental health specialist. They can provide a proper diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment options, which may include psychotherapy, medications, and support groups[8].

    Conclusion

    Marijuana addiction is a serious concern that should not be overlooked. As the acceptance and accessibility of marijuana continue to grow, it’s essential to understand the potential risks associated with its use, including the development of cannabis use disorder.

    By recognizing the signs of marijuana addiction and seeking help when needed, individuals can take steps towards recovery and improve their overall well-being. If you or someone you care about is struggling with marijuana use, remember that support is available, and reaching out to a healthcare professional is the first step in addressing the issue.

    References:

    1. Hasin, D. S., Saha, T. D., Kerridge, B. T., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., Jung, J., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Huang, B., & Grant, B. F. (2015). Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(12), 1235–1242. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858 ↩︎
    2. Lopez-Quintero, C., Pérez de los Cobos, J., Hasin, D. S., Okuda, M., Wang, S., Grant, B. F., & Blanco, C. (2011). Probability and predictors of transition from first use to dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: Results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115(1-2), 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.004 ↩︎
    3. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019). Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018/NSDUHNationalFindingsReport2018.pdf ↩︎
    4. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 ↩︎
    5. Volkow, N. D., Baler, R. D., Compton, W. M., & Weiss, S. R. (2014). Adverse health effects of marijuana use. The New England Journal of Medicine, 370(23), 2219–2227. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1402309 ↩︎
    6. Babson, K. A., Sottile, J., & Morabito, D. (2017). Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: a Review of the Literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(4), 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0775-9 ↩︎
    7. Pacula, R. L., Jacobson, M., & Maksabedian, E. J. (2016). In the weeds: a baseline view of cannabis use among legalizing states and their neighbours. Addiction, 111(6), 973–980. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13282 ↩︎
    8. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Available Treatments for Marijuana Use Disorders. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/available-treatments-marijuana-use-disorders ↩︎
    Stacia Woodcock

    Stacia Woodcock, PharmD, is a pharmacy editor for GoodRx. She earned her Doctor of Pharmacy degree from the University of Kentucky and is licensed in New York and Massachusetts. Stacia has over 10 years of pharmacy experience, with an emphasis in compounding, diabetes, and fertility. Prior to joining the GoodRx team, Stacia most recently worked as a clinical cannabis pharmacist for Curaleaf New York. Her professional areas of interest include alternative medicine, women’s health, and healthcare advocacy. She is also a triathlete and avid world traveler.

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